Some Examples

The Taínos ruled all of the Greater Antilles and the island of Vieques. The Carib indians were more common in the Lesser Antilles and la Isla Nena, as Puerto Rico's Vieques island is known. There were chiefs who had jurisdiction over their people in specific regions on all the islands.  The island of Quisqueya or the Dominican Repuplic had 6. Puerto Rico which had one of the largest concentrations of Taíno, had over 20. On the second voyage to the Caribbean, on November 19th, 1943, Taíno indians brought to their ship by Columbus and his spanish colonizers jumped overboard and swam to their island of Borikén.
Agüeybana was chief of the caciques in 1493.  Archeologically, the most well preserved Taíno ceremonial grounds in all the Caribbean are the Tibes site in Ponce and Caguanas in Utuado, Puerto Rico. Please note that there were other indigenous people who arrived from neighboring islands, the Florida Peninsula, the South American continent, and the Yucatan Peninsula while others were brought to Puerto Rico upon the arrival of the conquistadors. However, the majority population was the Taíno.

Agüeybana – Head Chief Cacique over all the Caciques at the time of the arrival Cristóbal Colón (Columbus) in November of 1493. His name means "Great sun". His yucayeque was located near the Bahía or Bay of Guayanilla
Abey – cacique who ruled in the area of Abeyno, the Salinas area
Alonso – was a cacique of Otoao (Utuado) in the central part of the island
Aramaná – ruled the yucayeque near the Río Coa (Toa)
Arasibo – was the cacique of the Río Aracoa  area (Río Grande de Arecibo)
Bagnamanay – cacique of the Caguas area; his daughter was the cacica, Doña María. Her Taíno name is not known.
Cacimar – was the cacique of the nearby island of Bieque (Vieques). He was mortally wounded during the attack on the hacienda of the Taína cacica Yuisa.
Caguax – important cacique near the Río Turabo area; the city of Caguas was named for him
Canóbana – a cacique of the Loíza area near the Río Cayniabón
Caguana – was a cacique in the Utuado area
Cayey – ruled the yucayeque in the Cayey region; the city of Cayey is in the mid central part of the island
Comerío.  Cacique who ruled the region in the area of the municipality of Comerío. Son of the cacique Caguax.
Daguao – was the cacique who ruled the yucayeque near the Río Santiago in the eastern part of the island near Naguabo
Güamaní – this cacique ruled near either Manatí or Guayama
Güarionex – very important cacique in Utuado; fought against the Spaniards
Guaybaná – revolted against the Spaniards along with Güarionex.  He was the brother of cacique Agüeybana. In fact, Guaybaná is known by some historians as Agüeybana II.  Inherited his right to rule when Agüebana passed away. Called a great areyto summoning the Taíno to rebel against the Spaniards in all parts of the island. In 1511, during the battle at Yagüeca, Guaybaná was mortally injured by an arrow. Upon his death, the rebellion lost momemtum. The indigenous people then resorted to ambushes and minor skirmishes.
Güaraca – the cacicque of the yucayeque in the area of Guayaney
Jayuya – ruled the tucayeque near what is now the town of Jayuya
Jacaguax. The historian José Toro Sugrañes, whose image is referenced above believed that  that Jacaguax was the cacique who ruled the region of Juana Díaz. The Jacaguas River was named in his honor.
Jumacao – ruled the yucayeque of the village of Macao. He was also known as Juan de Jumacao. He was a cacique who was illegaly enslaved by the Spaniards. He wrote a letter to King Carlos V protesting his enslavement and expressing his right to be free man, that he had the ability to read and write and the right to govern his own life and that he had been enslaved wrongfully and illegally. The king, touched by his message, decreed that he be allowed to go free and that he do with his person as he wished. Present day Humacao was named for him
Naguabo - cacique near the municpality of Naguabo
Mabodomaca - ruled over the region in the north west near Guajataca
Mayagoex – cacique who ruled the yucayeque near the municipio of Mayagüez
Majagua. Was the cacique who ruled either Bayamón or the region near Fajardo.
Mayagua - Cacique who ruled Yagüeca in Mayagüez.
Monilla - Cacique on the island of La Mona (Amona).
Orocobix – important cacique who ruled a yucayeque with a wide region in the central mountain area. This covered the areas of Orocovis, Aybonito and Barranquitas. The town of Orocovis is named for him.
Yuisa (Luisa) – female cacica in the region near Loíza who was baptized by the spaniards. She died from a wound inflicted by an arrow during a Carib raid on her land around 1514.
Yaureybo - Was a Carib Cacique on the sland of Bieques (Vieques). He was the brother of Cacimar. He died in 1514 during a  surprise attack by the Spaniards while he readied his men to attack the mainland and avenge his brother Cacimar's death.
Yuquibo - Cacique who ruled in the region of Luquillo. Known as Loquillo by the spaniards due to his constant attacks on the conquistadors. Luquillo is named for him.

Image map credit:  UCTP.org
Map  appears  courtesy of Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1933 Digital Wisdom 

Bibliography:

Alegría, Ricardo E., Descubrimiento, Conquista y Colonización de Puerto Rico, 1493-1599.  Colección de Estudios Puertorriqueños. Editora Corripio, Repúplica Domincana, 1971.

Crescioni Neggers, Gladys. Breve Introduccion a  La Cultura Puertorriqueña. Editorial Playor, S. A, (Madrid), 1978. ISBN: 84-359-0139-4

Fernández Méndez. Eugenio. Arte y Mitología de los Indios Taínos de las Antillas Mayores. Ediciones Cemí, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1979.

Puerto Rican DNA Geographic Project mtDNA indigenous Haplogtypes

Table of Haplogroup Markers and RFLPS (Restriction Fraction Length Polymorphisms) unique to Haplogroups A, B, C and D

 

Haplogroup	Unique Haplogroup Specific Marker	10394 Ddel/ 10397 Alu I Status
A	+663 HaeIII	-/-
B	9  bp del COII-tRNA Lys	-/-
C	+ 13262 Alu I	+/+
D	- 5176 AluI	+/+

  NEW! 

Grupo Atabey © 2003-2006

A

223 290 319

73G

+663HaeIII

Updated 11-23-2005  # Kit Haplo HVR1 HVR2  Origin 1 N7962 A 083T,111T,126C,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C  pending  c. ???? Moca 2 11639 A 083T,111T,126C,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C  pending   3 19672 A 083T,111T,126C,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C 73G,146C,152C,153G,214G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-  c. 1815   Lares 4 14064 A 083T,111T,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C  pending   5 34893 A 083T,111T,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C  pending  c. ????  Cayey 6 41916 A 083T,111T,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C  pending   7 44263 A 083T,111T,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C  pending  c. 1800    Peñuelas 8 40448 A 083T,111T,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C  pending   9 19961 A 083T,111T,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C 73G,146C,152C,153G,214G,235G,263G,309.1C,309.2C,315.1C,522-,523- c. 1869 Ciales 10 19509 A 083T,111T,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C 73G,146C,152C,153G,214G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-   11 N8443 A 083T,111T,223T,256T,290T,319A,362C 73G,146C,152C,153G,214G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-   12 5556 A 097C,098G,111T,189C,223T,290T,319A,320T,362C  pending   13 19400 A 097C,098G,111T,189C,223T,290T,319A,320T,362C 73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-   14 19510 A 111T,129A,223T,274A,290T,319A,362C  pending   15 16508 A 111T,129A,223T,290T,319A,362C  pending   16 42001 A 111T,129A,223T,290T,319A,362C 64T,73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,309.2C,315.1C,522-,523-   17 24541 A 111T,129A,223T,290T,319A,362C 64T,73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,309.2C,315.1C,522-,523- c.1890  Humacao 18 25898 A 111T,129A,223T,290T,319A,362C 64T,73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,309.2C,315.1C,522-,523- c.1830    Añasco 19 14120 A 111T,223T,266T,290T,319A,362C 64T,73G,146C,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523- c.1758  Cabo Rojo 20 N3142 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C  pending c.1750 Yabucoa 21 39571 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C  pending   22 15254 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C  pending   23 32953 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C  pending   24 36293 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C 64T,73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-  c.1800   Utuado 25 36776 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C 73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-  c.1885  Río Grande 26 27738 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C 73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-   27 12319 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C 73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-   28 39836 A 111T,223T,290T,319A,362C,526A  pending  c.1835 Maricao 29 36569 A 223T,290T,319A,362C,391A,519C  pending c.1857  Ponce 30 16614 A 223T,290T,319A,362C,391A,519C  pending   31 17096 A 223T,290T,319A,362C,391A,519C 64T,73G,146C,153G,235G,263G,309.1C,315.1C,522-,523-  c.1700   Patillas   (Our phylogenetic diagrams have moved) mtDNA Haplogroup A phylogenetic diagrams for this group

Puerto Rican Geographic Project mtDNA Haplogroup C

Grupo Guanina ©2003-2006

Haplogroup C motif

C

223 298 327

73G

+10397AluI, 13259HincII/+13262AluI

Updated 11-25-2005 # Kit Haplo HVR1 HVR2  Origin/Location 1 39563 C 086C,145A,183C,189C,223T,278T,298C,325C,327T 73G,143A,249-,263G,290-,291-,309.1C,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523-   2 27221 C 086C,182C,183C,189C,223T,278T,298C,325C,327T 73G,143A,249-,263G,290-,291-,309.1C,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523- c.1780 Manatí 3 39693 C 086C,183C,189C,223T,278T,298C,325C,327T 73G,143A,249-,263G,290-,291-,309.1C,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523-   4 8914 C 086C,183C,189C,223T,278T,298C,325C,327T 73G,143A,249-,263G,290-,291-,309.1C,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523-   5 N10945 C 086C,183C,189C,223T,278T,298C,325C,327T 73G,143A,249-,263G,290-,291-,309.1C,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523-   6 12102 C 223T,295T,298C,325C,327T  pending   7 36097 C 223T,298C,325C,327T  pending   8 30232 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C  pending   9 14063 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C  pending   10 13980 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C  pending c.1890  Corozal 11 12392 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C  pending   12 14237 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C 73G,249-,290-,291-,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523- c.???? Manatí 13 16451 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C 73G,249-,290-,291-,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523-   14 19339 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C 73G,249-,290-,291-,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523- 1826     Adjuntas 15 42631 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C 73G,249-,290-,291-,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523-   16 23074 C 223T,298C,325C,327T,519C 73G,249-,291-,292-,315.1C,489C,493G,522-,523-

As evidenced by the table above which is adapted from Hernstadt et al ¹, Haplogroup A has 12 coding mutations in common with Haplogroup C, 11 with Haplogroup B, 11 with X and 9 with Haplogroup D. Despite many shared polymorphisms, Haplogroup C and D are members of Haplogroup M and have very distinct coding region polymorphisms not found in A. Haplogroup X appears to be very similar to A. In addition to the above polymorphisms, all have the mutation 16223T in common since Super haplogroups M and N are branches off of "Out of  Africa" Haplogroup L3 whose defining motif is 223 (16223T). Haplogroup C bears the C16223T mutation since it is also the polymorphism used to classify all groups in Super Haplogroup M. However, it does not share the +10871MnlI coding region mutation common to A and X. Rather, it has three others: +10397Alu, -13259HincII and +13262Alu. Haplogroup B, a sub group of Haplogroup R, is unlike the other four founder groups in that it has the definitive 9 bp del COII-tRNA^Lys.


The complete table of polymorphisms associated with more than one haplogroup is found in Hernstadt’s Table 2 relating to the Reduced Median Analysis of Coding Region Sequences for the major mitochondrial DNA haplogroups.

Reference:
¹ Herrnstadt C, Elson JL, Fahy E, Preston G, Turnbull DM, Anderson C, Ghosh SS, Olefsky JM, Beal MF, Davis RE, Howell N. Reduced-Median-Network Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial DNA Coding-Region Sequences for the Major African, Asian, and European Haplogroups. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 May; 70(5): 1152-1171.

PreHistory Of Europe (click)

Evolution of Man (click)

Ancient Ancestry in the Background of the Puerto Ricans

The Indigenous People Arcáicos Arawaks (Igneri) Huecoids Saladoids Ostenoids Pre-Taíno The Taíno "the Noble, Brave People"

Iberia Etruscans Phoenicians Greeks Celti-Iberians (Celtiberians) Carthaginians Romans Western Romans Suevi Vandals Ostrogoths Visigoths The Moors (Almoravids, Almohads, Mozarabes) Sephardí Basques Spaniard (Españoles)

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