The majority of the members in this group have also completed their upgrade to 25 and 37 markers and are estimated to be in Haplogroup R1b. Two of the estimated R1bs are very unusual and one has tested SNP P25+. We now have 5 members designated Haplogroup J2 (one is SNP tested +M172). A previously estimated J2 has had additional SNP testing and is now in Haplogroup J (12f2.1+, M172-). The others are estimated to be in Haplogroup J but not SNP tested. Six members are estimated to belong to Haplogroup E3b (2 are M35+). 2 members are estimated to be in Haplogroup E3a. Two others without Haplogroup assignments are probable E3a members. Only 5 participants are estimated to be in Haplogroup I. Two of these have been SNP tested and are P19 +. Another is estimated to be in Haplogroup I1b. Two members are estimated to be in the uncommon Haplogroup G2. Only 3-5% of the total male population belong to this group. One member is in Haplogroup R1a. There is one member in Haplogroup K, two in K2, and one in K*. Two members (brothers) have not had their Haplogroup determined but appear to be in Haplogorup I.

ID 14851 and ID 16451 match at 12/12 markers and also match 25/25. On further upgrade, they are 36/37 and their results can be seen on the yDNA25 and yDNA37 Chart comparison pages. Both are the unusual R1bs.

ID 26160 and 27738 are also exact matches at 12/12, 25/25 and 37/37 markers. They are estimated to be E3b. Neither duo share the same surname. However, one is adopted and his actual surname was found to that  of the other individual. The genetic distance is an average of 8 between  IDs 26160 and 27738 and the other E3b Haplogroup members.

Haplogroup E3a  Haplogroup E3a is an African lineage.
Its signature is DYS19/394=15, DYS390=21, DYS391=10, DYS392=11, DYS393=13.
It is currently hypothesized that this haplogroup dispersed south from northern Africa within the last 3,000 years, by the Bantu agricultural expansion. The Bantus are the most likely origin of the spread of culture and language througout the central, western and southern African continent. Haplogroup E3a is also the most common lineage among African Americans.

As the African slave trade was an integral part of the Spain, Africa and Caribbean Atlantic triangle of sugar, slaves and tobacco, this Haplogroup most likely arrived on the island with the involuntary import of African slaves. Shortly after the colonization of Puerto Rico, the bearers of this Haplogroup replaced the enslaved Taíno laborers whose population had diminished considerably under the encomienda system in the gold mines and sugar mills due to disease, torture and mistreatment.

One of the outposts for slave ships, the Cape Verde Islands Archipelago was
the site where many of our ancestral E3a and mitochondrial DNA L Haplogroup individuals may have once briefly sojourned before being brought to the West Indies. Incidentally, the coconut tree was introduced from the Cape Verde Islands in 1542.


Also See: Mitochondrial portrait of the Cabo Verde archipelago: the Senegambian outpost of Atlantic slave trade A.  BREHM, L.  PEREIRA, H.-J.  BANDELT, M. J.  PRATA   and A.  AMORIM. 

You can read more about Haplogroup E3a, E3b, R1b and the other Haplogroups on Dr. Dennis Garvey's Y Chromosome Haplogroup excellent webpage.

Credit: Created by Mark Dingemanse 23 september 2004, released under CC-by-2.0

To definitively ascertain whether an individual is truly in a specific haplogroup, they should be SNP tested. One of the most notable SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) in Haplogroup E3a is M191 as discovered by Jobling et al.

Haplogroup E3b  This haplogroup is believed to have evolved in the Middle East. It expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic expansion and brought farming to Europe around 9,000 yrs. ago. It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean, southern Europe, and in north and east Africa. 

Note: It is probable that the E3b Haplogroup signature most likely arrived on the island of Puerto Rico from the early period after the colonization and later in immigrants who had Moorish, Berber or other North African admixture who had left their signature in Iberia during the 700 year reign under Moorish rule. The Moorish domination ended in 1492 under Ferdinand and Isabel. The ancient Phoenicians also belonged to Haplogroup E3b. The most common E3b subclade in Iberia is E3b1 beta cluster and has the following sequence as discussed in the study by Cruciani et al:

DYS19	DYS389i	DYS389ii	DYS390	DYS391	DYS392	DYS393	DYS385a	DYS385b

13

14

30

24

9

11

13

11

14

Haplogroup G2   This lineage may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in the Europe and the Middle East. Approximately 3% of the male population is in Haplogroup G. Of note, G-M201*, the older parent lineage of G, is found almost exclusively in Ashkenazi Europeans. G2 is found in highest frequency in the Caucasus. Along with Haplogroups E3b and J2, it marks the migration path of the Neolithic farmers. (See Dennis Garvey link above). According to a study by Behar et al, Askenazi Jews are also 20% J1 and 20% J2.  G2 is also mentioned in this article.

Haplogroup I   The I, I1a, I1b lineages are nearly completely restricted to northwestern Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking populations. One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe. There has been much voluntary work done on the separation of Haplogroup I into its subclades of Norse, Balkan, Ultra Norse, etc. by Dr. Ken Nordtvedt of the Genealogy DNA-L mailing list. (Discussion archives on Haplogroup I can be searched here). An  article discussing the derivation of Haplogroup I Ancestry in Icelanders and Gaels (Irish) by Helgason et al can be seen here.

Haplogroup J   Haplogroup J is found at highest frequencies in Middle Eastern and north African populations where it most likely evolved. This marker has been carried by Middle Eastern traders into Europe, central Asia, India, and Pakistan. The Cohen modal lineage (CMH) is found in Haplogroup J* (ref. FTDNA). It is also found in Kurds, Hungarians, Armenians and Central Italians. They are usually Yap-. Cohanim are from the tribe of Levi and are believed to be the priestly descendants of one man, Aaron, the brother of Moses. He is the first high priest or Cohen Gadol. It is important to note that being CMH or not being CMH is not proof that one is a Cohen.  The maternal line also plays a significant part in determining Cohen status. Therefore, it does not rely solely on Y DNA. (Jewish Genes & Genealogy).

Cohen Modal Haplotype - six marker signature

DYS393	DYS390	D YS19	DYS391	DYS388	DYS392
12	23	14	10	16	11

References: 

1. Origins of Old Testament priests.Thomas, M.G., K. Skorecki, H. Ben-Ami, T. Parfitt, N. Bradman, D.B. Goldstein. 1998. . Nature 394: 138-140.

2. Y Chromosomes of Jewish priests.Hammer, M.F., K. Skorecki, S. Selig, S. Blazer, B. Rappaport, R. Bradman, N. Bradman, P.J. Waburton, M. Ismakklowicz, 1997.  Nature 385: 32-35.
3. "Y chromosomes traveling south: the Cohen modal Haplotype and the origin of the Lemba - the 'Black Jews of Southern Africa'". M. G. Thomas, et al. (American Journal of Human Genetics, 66:674-86, February 2000)

4.Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe. F. Di Giacomo . F. Luca . L. O. Popa . N. Akar . N. Anagnou . J. Banyko . R. Brdicka . G. Barbujani . F. Papola . G. Ciavarella . F. Cucci . L. Di Stasi .L. Gavrila . M. G. Kerimova . D. Kovatchev . A. I. Kozlov . A. Loutradis . V. Mandarino . C. Mammi′ . E. N. Michalodimitrakis . G. Paoli . K. I. Pappa . G. Pedicini . L. Terrenato . S. Tofanelli . P. Malaspina . A. Novelletto.  Hum Genet (2004) 115: 357–371. 

Haplogroup J2  This lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry this lineage is found within Jewish populations and Semitic groups. Therefore, being Haplogroup J2 does not necessarily convey Jewish ancestry.  Confirmation should come by way of SNP testing.

Iit is well known that many conversos, sephardí and marranos left Spain at the time of the Inquisition in 1492 and afterwards and made their way to the New World, to Puerto Rico and the other Caribbean islands. 

According to a study by Behar et al, Askenazi Jews are 20% J1 and 20% are J2.

Haplogroup J2 and its subclades may be found in Spain, Italy, Turkey, Albania, India, Greece, and Arab countries.

Distribution maps of J1, J2, E3b and R1b can be seen in Semino et al's  "A Genetic Legacy of Homo Sapiens Sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective".

Note: Ashkenazi, Cohanim, Levite, and Sephardi may be in Haplogoup J, J1 or J2 and their subclades.  SNP is required for assigning to the specific group.

Haplogroup K   The K lineage is an old lineage presently found only at low frequencies in Africa, Asia, and in the south Pacific. One descendent line of this lineage is restricted to aboriginal Australians, while another is found at low frequency in southern Europe, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. (ref. FTDNA)

Haplogroup R1a   The R1a lineage is believed to have originated in the Eurasian Steppes north of the Black and Caspian Seas. This lineage is believed to have originated in a population of the Kurgan culture, known for the domestication of the horse (approximately 3000 B.C.E.). These people were also believed to be the first speakers of the Indo-European language group. This lineage is currently found in central and western Asia, India, and in Slavic populations of Eastern Europe. (ref. FTDNA)

Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype (AMH):
 

DYS19	DYS388	DYS390	DYS391	DYS392	DYS393
14	12	2 4	1 1	1 3	1 3

R1b, and its most common Haplotype, exists in high or very high frequencies in all of Western Europe from Spain in the south to the British Isles and western Scandinavia in the north.

Note: The largest influx of Spaniards to Borínquen (Puerto Rico) was from the regions of Galicia, Valencia, Asturia, Navarra, the Vascondados (Basque country), Aragón, Catalunya, Santander and the Balearic Islands. The history, and arrival of these individuals was faithfully researched and documented by the first lady of Puerto Rican Genealogy, Doña Estela Cifre de Loubriel (1909-1998) who made them the focus of her life's work in five detailed and highly prized sought after tomes called "La Formacción del Pueblo Puertorriqueño". Amongst these were also the Canarians. The initial arrival of the Canary Islanders, themselves the descendants of the Guanches, occurred during a first royal spanish decree in 1695 which was later followed by decrees in the years 1714, 1720, 1731, and 1797. In 1815, la Reál Cédula de Gracia, a more relatively "recent" royal decree allowed the immigration of other foreigners to Puerto Rico to settle, cultivate and own the land. This latter group included not only Canary Islanders, but Corsicans, and especially Venezuelans. Other groups who left their mark to a smaller extent are the Irish, French, Dutch, and Chinese. Not withstanding the great cultural diversity brought by all these groups, the influence of the Isleños was so great, that the spanish spoken by Puerto Ricans is rich in many Isleño words and the pronunciation of the language is so similar that it is said (and it is not surprising) that a Puerto Rican may easily be mistaken for a Canary Islander by the intonation of their syllables and their manner of speaking. It will not, therefore, be unexpected should we find theirs and all the other DNA signatures amongst our group as our project continues to expand.

There were many Irish immigrants to the island of Puerto Rico throughout its history.  One in particular, an ancestor of the administrators of this DNA project was Sebastián de Morfi (Murphy) b.c. 1697 who founded Utuado, Puerto Rico in 1739.

Read more about the Canary Islanders by one of our members here:
Brief History of the Canarian Migration to Spanish America.

The updated 2005 Y Cromosome Phylogenetic Tree Map showing the SNPs for all the Y Haplogroups may be found here.

  About DNAPrint (click)

Group Comparison Chart Results

Phylogenetic Diagrams  2004